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In opposition to both previous policy and the wishes of the more religious members of the House of Saud, King Fahd allowed coalition forces to deploy in Saudi territory. He played a key role in the resolution of the Gulf War and helped establish many diplomatic relations with key geopolitical players such as the Soviet Union, Iran and China. Early into Ibn Saud’s reign as King of Saudi Arabia, he began to cultivate a corporate relationship with the United States. In 1933, he gave the first general oil rights to U.S. company ARAMCO. Five years later the biggest development in Saudi History occurred—oil.
Third Saudi state
The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia. MBS has completed about three-quarters of the transition from tribal king with theocratic characteristics to plain old secular-nationalist autocrat. The rest of that transition need not be as ruthless as the beginning, but MBS shows no sign of letting up. The United States can, and should, make the case that Saudi Arabia’s security and development will demand different tools going forward.
Death and funeral
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He has allowed women to drive and to dress as freely as they can in dens of sin like Dubai and Bahrain. He has curtailed the role of reactionary clergy and all but abolished the religious police. He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory, including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid, Ajman, and Shammar tribes, as well as the Al ash-Sheikh (descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab). He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages. He appointed his eldest surviving son, Saud as heir apparent, to be succeeded by the next eldest son, Faisal. The Al Saudi family became known as the "royal family", and each member, male and female, was accorded the title amir ("prince") or amira ("princess"), respectively.
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Struggle with Faisal
The Al Saud family traces its roots back to the central region of the Arabian Peninsula, where its members were part of the tribe known as the Banu Saud. In the late 18th century, a man named Muhammad ibn Saud formed an alliance with a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, which led to the creation of the First Saudi State. This state lasted until the mid-19th century, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Once King Saud received the invitation he convened with Presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser and Shukri al-Quwatli in Cairo in January 1957.
On 23 January 2015, Abdullah died after a prolonged illness, and his half-brother, Crown Prince Salman, was declared the new king. During a visit to the headquarters of the United Nations’ peacekeeping mission in southern Lebanon (UNIFIL), France’s foreign minister, Stéphane Séjourné, said that Paris had been making proposals to “avoid war in Lebanon”. “I will head to Beirut to meet political authorities to … make proposals,” he said. “Our responsibility is to mitigate escalation, and that is also our role in UNIFIL. We have 700 soldiers here.” Israel and Lebanon’s Iran-backed Hezbollah group have exchanged near-daily fire since Hamas’s attack on southern Israel on 7 October, in which about 1,200 people were killed.
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Slavery had been a significant issue as African slaves would be trafficked across the Red Sea in astonishing numbers. Due to pressures Faisal issued an executive order in 1967 abolishing slavery. However, this would be replaced with the Kafala System, highly regarded as a form of modern day slavery. He also established the judicial system through the Ministry of Justice and the Supreme Judicial Council.
As a young man, Ibn Saud led a small band of men to recapture his family’s ancient territory of Riyadh, in central Arabia, and went on to build a desert kingdom under the flag of Islamic revival. On Sept. 23, 1932, the country was named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. By the time of his death, it stretched from the Gulf to the Red Sea and from Iraq to Yemen. He announced that his sole purpose was to "unify Muslims all over the world" so they would be like one strong body. King Saud believed in a non-alignment policy between the United States and the Soviet Union, which he discussed thoroughly with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru during an official visit to India. He also strove to keep the region free from coalitions and blocs that only served foreign interests and thus he refused to join the Baghdad Pact.
Mohammed bin Fahd al Saud
According to the Quran, a Muslim is permitted up to four wives at one time and is allowed to divorce and remarry numerous times. King Abd al-Aziz cemented alliances by marrying a daughter of every tribal chief in his realm, producing 45 legitimate sons and having at least 22 wives. In early 2004, a group of prominent Saudi citizens, including attorney Bassim Alim, petition the government for constitutional reforms. Just as Fahd takes power, war breaks out between his two powerful neighbors, Iran and Iraq.
First Saudi state
The senior Al Saud brothers realize something has to be done and arrive at a consensus to replace Saud with a more capable leader. They go to the ulama, the religious authorities, and get a fatwa sanctioning Saud's abdication in favor of his half-brother Faisal. King Saud and his entourage quietly leave the country, and the ailing monarch spends his last years exiled in Athens, Greece, where he dies in 1969. These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. When I was in Afghanistan, I had extreme thinking.” Going to a Saudi prison helped.
This led to the House of Saud flourishing as an Arabian political dynasty. Although his descendants ruled with varying success, the Emirate remained stable until 1818, when the Ottomans destroyed the First Saudi State during their capture of the capital city of Diriyah . This left a lasting impact on Islamic world, as the House of Saud would one day control Mecca and Medina, the holy cities of Islam.
A French diplomatic source told AFP that the volume of cross-border attacks had doubled since 13 April. Fighting has intensified in recent weeks, with Israel striking deeper into Lebanese territory, while Hezbollah has stepped up its missile and drone attacks on military positions in northern Israel. France’s top diplomat on Sunday urged calm in Lebanon during his second visit since cross-border tensions with Israel flared on the back of the war in Gaza.
Similar to his predecessors, his foreign policy was very anti-Israel and pro-Islamic. He advocated support for Palestine, even visiting its holy sites and supporting the cause. Once Faisal took power, his style of ruling was a stark contrast to his half brother. Faisal was far more active in domestic affairs and wanted for Saudi Arabia to be a beacon for the future. Faisal wanted prosperity for the people of Saudi Arabia as he revamped and expanded social programs in the country to create change rooted in religious institutions and God. In 1948, Saudi Arabia would re-enter conflict in the Arab-Israeli War on the side of Palestine and sent divisions to fight under Egyptian command.
Fuad al-Amri, who runs the hay’a in Mecca province, confessed to me that since the reforms, one of his main activities has been vetting his own employees, to ensure that they aren’t fanatics loyal to the Muslim Brotherhood. Vision 2030 made modernization easier to observe now than it would have been just a few years ago. Then the Saudis realized that to attract crowds to the concerts they had legalized, they’d need to let in visitors. Overnight, a visa to Saudi Arabia went from one of the hardest in the world to get to one of the easiest. My flight into Riyadh was packed with foreigners attending Stan Lee’s Super Con. Ahead of me in the passport line I saw Lou Ferrigno, the Incredible Hulk, on his way to an autograph signing.
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